Generational Patterns in Digital Linguistic Styles: A Quantitative Study of Millennials, Gen Z, and Gen Alpha
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64420/jgmds.v3i1.515Keywords:
Generational Patterns, Digital Linguistic Styles, Millennials, Gen Z, Gen AlphaAbstract
Background: The rapid evolution of digital technology has transformed communication and shaped linguistic practices across generations, yet localised empirical evidence remains limited. Objective: This study aims to examine how communication-related variables influence the digital language practices of Millennials, Generation Z, and Generation Alpha. Method: A quantitative descriptive-comparative and correlational design was employed, involving 75 respondents. Data were collected through a structured survey and analysed using descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. Results: The findings revealed high levels of symbolic-paralinguistic use, alongside moderate levels of lexical innovation and multimodal integration. Significant generational differences were identified in lexical innovation and overall digital language practices, with Generation Alpha demonstrating higher levels. Furthermore, a moderate positive relationship was found between communication-related variables and digital language practices, with communication goals emerging as the strongest predictor, while digital literacy showed minimal influence. Conclusion: The study concludes that digital language practices are driven more by communicative intent and interaction patterns than by technical skills. Contribution: This research contributes to the fields of digital communication and linguistics by providing localised, cross-generational empirical evidence and highlighting the importance of social and functional factors in shaping evolving digital language use.
References
Alakrash, H., & Razak, N. A. (2021). Technology-Based Language Learning: Investigation of Digital Technology and Digital Literacy. Sustainability, 13(21), 12304. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112304
Androutsopoulos, J. (2015). Networked multilingualism: Some language practices on Facebook and their implications. International Journal of Bilingualism, 19(2), 185-205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006913489198
Ayan, E. (2020). Descriptive Analysis of Emoticons/Emoji and Persuasive Digital Language Use in WhatsApp Messages. Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, 10(4), 375–389. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2020.104022
Bai, Q., Dan, Q., Mu, Z., & Yang, M. (2019). A Systematic Review of Emoji: Current Research and Future Perspectives [Review of A Systematic Review of Emoji: Current Research and Future Perspectives]. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. Frontiers Media. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02221
Cao, J., Bhuvaneswari, G., Arumugam, T., & Aravind, B. R. (2023). The digital edge: examining the relationship between digital competency and language learning outcomes. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1187909. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1187909
Ciekanski, M., & Chanier, T. (2008). Developing online multimodal verbal communication to enhance the writing process in an audio-graphic conferencing environment. ReCALL, 20(2), 162. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0958344008000426
Coyle, M. A., & Carmichael, C. L. (2019). Perceived responsiveness in text messaging: The role of emoji use. Computers in Human Behavior, 99, 181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.05.023
Damanhouri, M. Y. (2018). Language Use in Computer Mediated-Communication and Users’ Social Identity. English Linguistics Research, 7(3), 16–16. https://doi.org/10.5430/elr.v7n3p16
Dolot, D., & Opina, A. (2021). Forms and functions of graphicons in Facebook private conversations among young Filipino users. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation, 4(6), 62-73. https://doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.6.8
Drouin, M., Reijmers, N., & Miller, D. (2021). Punctuation in Text Messages: Effects of Punctuation Type, Message Context, and Gender. Computers in Human Behavior Reports. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100082
Faigley, L., Kress, G., & Leeuwen, T. van. (2002). Multimodal Discourse: The Modes and Media of Contemporary Communication. College Composition and Communication, 54(2), 318–318. https://doi.org/10.2307/1512155
García-Chitiva, M. d. P. (2024). Profiling digital and collaborative competencies in international online learning (COIL) in higher education (Paper). International Society for Technology, Education, and Science. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED673147.pdf
Hu, T., Guo, H., Sun, H., Nguyen, T. T., & Luo, J. (2017). Spice Up Your Chat: The Intentions and Sentiment Effects of Using Emojis. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 11(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v11i1.14869
Jay, M., Lim, M., Hossein, K., White, T., Naqvi, S. R., Chien, K., & Haffie, T. (2019). “Best of both worlds”: A students-as-partners near-peer moderation program improves student engagement in a course Facebook group. International Journal for Students as Partners, 3(1). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1468547.pdf
Jebejian, A., Spathopoulou, F., & Pitychoutis, K. M. (2025). Generational, Educational, and Gender Influences on Code-Switching in Kuwait’s Armenian Community. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 15(9), 2813–2824. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1509.03
Jefry, B. (2024). Communicative language preferences in Gen Xs, Millennials and Gen Zs for workplace communication. SALTeL Journal (Southeast Asia Language Teaching and Learning), 7(1), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.35307/saltel.v7i1.134
Jefry, B. (2024). Communicative Language Preferences in Gen Xs, Millennials and Gen Zs for Workplace Communication. SALTeL Journal (Southeast Asia Language Teaching and Learning), 7(1), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.35307/saltel.v7i1.134
Kocarslan, H., & Stoycheva, B. (2025). The effect of digital literacy on online purchase intention: The mediating role of social media use. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 20(4), 355. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20040355
Kuchkarova, M. D. (2025). Sociolinguistic interpretation of youth jargon. In Global Horizons in Philology and Pedagogy: Experiences of Turkic Nations (Conference Proceedings). World of Science Journals. https://www.wosjournals.com/index.php/ruconf/article/view/3667/4139
Kurniawan, A., & Puspita, D. (2024). Multimodal Literacy in Digital Communication: Students' Ability to Integrate Visual and Verbal Elements. Journal of English Education and Linguistics Studies. Ajeng Puspita_The Implementation of Mobile-Assisted Language Learning in Teaching English at SMK TI Bina Citra Informatika Purwokerto.pdf
Mabilangan, R. A., & Madrunio, M. R. (2024). Textual Paralanguage in Social Media Communication: Functions and Patterns of Use. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS). https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2024.8120163
Madsen, D. Ø. (2026). Generation alpha speaks in memes: a conceptual framework for platformed language. Frontiers in Communication, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2026.1695863
Manganari, E. (2021). Emoji Use in Computer-Mediated Communication. The International Technology Management Review, 10, 1–11. https://link.springer.com/article/10.2991/itmr.k.210105.001
McCulloch, G. (2020). Because internet: Understanding the new rules of language. Riverhead Books. https://tinyurl.com/37vs23fn
Muñoz, A. (2023). Multimodal Analysis as a Way to Operationalise Objectivity in Audio Description. Journal of Audiovisual Translation, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.47476/jat.v6i2.2023.251
Nightingale, R. (2016). The effect of out-of-school media contact on language attitudes in multilingual adolescents: a complex psychosociolinguistic system. https://doi.org/10.6035/14018.2016.252200
Parissi, M., Komis, V., Dumouchel, G., Lavidas, K., & Papadakis, S. (2023). How does students’ knowledge about information-seeking improve their behavior in solving information problems? Educational Process: International Journal, 12(1), 113–137. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1384866.pdf
Piccerillo, L., Tescione, A., Iannaccone, A., & Digennaro, S. (2025). Alpha generation’s social media use: sociocultural influences and emotional intelligence. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 30(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2025.2454992
Pratama, H., & Awaliyah, S. (2022). The Evolution of Digital Language: From Textual to Visual Paralanguage in Social Media Interaction. Journal of Pragmatics and Digital Communication. https://doi.org/10.21831/litera.v21i2.48212
Putri, B. K. B. P., Soraya, N., & Rosalinah, Y. (2025). Sociolinguistic Perspective on Digital Communication: Understanding Gen Alpha Language Use in Tiktok. Golden Ratio of Data in Summary, 5(1), 44–48. https://doi.org/10.52970/grdis.v5i1.886
Riordan, M. A. (2020). Emojis as Tools for Emotion Work: Communicating Affect in Text Messages. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 39(3), 315–327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X20914020
Roels, L., & Enghels, R. (2020). Age-based variation and patterns of recent language change: A case-study of morphological and lexical intensifiers in Spanish. Journal of Pragmatics, 170, 125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2020.08.017
Samputra, P. L., & Alfarizi, M. (2025). Can advanced society 5.0 technology create economic and social value for millennial and generation Z MSMEs in Surabaya, Indonesia? An economic resilience perspective. Asia Pacific Management Review, 30(3), 100355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2025.100355
Sánchez-Caballé, A., Gisbert-Cervera, M., & Esteve-Mon, F. (2020). The digital competence of university students: A systematic literature review. Computers & Education, 156, 103940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103940
Schmitz, C. L., & Gabel, S. G. (2023). Women, Human Rights, and Gender Equality. Journal of Human Rights and Social Work, 8(4), 359–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41134-023-00288-7
Seemiller, C., & Grace, M. (2016). Generation Z goes to college. Jossey Bass. https://tinyurl.com/cmruw5ac
Sharma, M. G., Shivani Arya, N. Janani, Punit Pathak, Aarti. (2023). Language in the Digital Age: Trends and Transformations in Online Communication. https://doi.org/10.52783/eel.v14i1.994
Suizo, Christy. (2024). Gen Z’s Language Identity and Contemporary Philosophies in the Digital Era. Journal of Natural Language and Linguistics. 2. 13-17. https://doi.org/10.54536/jnll.v2i1.2396
Sumner, E. M., & Ramirez, A. (2017). Social Information Processing Theory and Hyperpersonal Perspective. In The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects (pp. 1–11). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0090
Tagg, C. (2015). Exploring digital communication: Language in action. Routledge London. p. 300. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315727165
Tagliamonte, S. A., & Denis, D (2022). Linguistic Ruin? LOL! Instant Messaging and Teen Language. Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/linguistic-ruin/
Tahir, R., & Arfat, I. (2025). Digital language innovation: An analysis of age based differences. International Premier Journal of Languages & Literature, 3(4), 533–545. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18074840
Twenge, J. M. (2023). Generations: The real differences between Gen Z, Millennials, Gen X, Boomers, and Silents—and what they mean for America’s future. Atria Books. https://tinyurl.com/yhty4vtm
Vandergriff, I. (2013). Emotive communication online: A contextual analysis of computer-mediated communication (CMC) cues. Journal of Pragmatics, 51, 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.02.008
Vignovic, J. A., & Thompson, L. F. (2022). Computer-Mediated Communication and the Expression of Emotion: The Role of Paralinguistic Cues. Journal of Business and Psychology / Frontiers in Psychology. Witchel: Spelling errors in brief computer-mediated.
Walther, J. B. (2015). Social Information Processing Theory ( CMC ). In The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication (pp. 1–13). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118540190.wbeic192
Yang, Y., Tan, Z., & Yang, X. (2025). Fleeing TikTok to Rednote: Leveraging generative technologies to support cross-language communication for TikTok refugees on Chinese social networking platforms. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology – TOJET, 24(2), 16–25. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1478362.pdf
You, Q., García-García, D., Paluri, M., Luo, J., & Joo, J. (2017). Cultural Diffusion and Trends in Facebook Photographs. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 11(1), 347–356. https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v11i1.14902
Zhang, L. J., Fathi, J., & Naderi, M. M. (2023). A cross-lagged panel analysis of self-efficacy, teacher grit, teaching enjoyment, and work engagement among foreign language teachers. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 46(7), 1714. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2023.2248064
Zhang, Z., & Yang, R. (2025). Personalised Language Learning Through Technology: Examining How Digital Literacy Shapes Proficiency and Communication Strategiess. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 41(4), e70069. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.70069
Zierock, B., Schulze, J., & Angar, S. (2019). From Gen Z to Generation Alpha: Navigating the Evolution of Communication in a Digital Age. SCIREA Journal of Education. https://doi.org/10.54647/education880581
Zierock, B., Schulze, J., & Angar, S. (2019). From Gen Z to Generation Alpha: Navigating the Evolution of Communication in a Digital Age. SCIREA Journal of Education. https://doi.org/10.54647/education880581
Zubareva, S. (2020). Socio-cultural Identity of the Digital Generation in the 21st Century: Cultural and Philosophical Analysis. In: Anikina, Z. (eds) Integrating Engineering Education and Humanities for Global Intercultural Perspectives. IEEHGIP 2022. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 131. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47415-7_103
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Maria Angela Macomis, Aviel I Alayon, Justine Mae Bihasa, Colleen Kate Pasion

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: (1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International. that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal; (2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal; (3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.





